Valvular Heart Disease

Valvular Heart Disease

•     Left sided valve lesions:

–      Aortic: stenosis / regurgitation

–      Mitral: stenosis / regurgitation

•     Right sided valve lesions:

–      Tricuspid: stenosis / regurgitation

–      Pulmonary: stenosis / regurgitation

•    Prosthetic heart valves

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Overview of the lymphoid immune system

l   A. Lymphocytes evolve from pluripotent stem cells located in the bone marrow, and differentiate into two major functional cell types:

l   1. B lymphocytes, comprising the humoral immune system, whose ultimate function is the production of antibodies

l   2. T lymphocytes, comprising the cellular immune system, whose functions include

–       a. Direct killing of foreign or intracellularly infected cells, cytotoxic T cells

–       b. Fine control of the immune response through the secretion of cytokines, helper and suppressor T cells.

Hemolytic anemias

OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lecture you will be able to know the followings:
-Definition and Etiology of Thalassemia, Sickle cell anemia, G6PD, and congenital spherocytosis.
-Diagnosis, and investigations of these types of anemias.
-Prevention and management of these diseases

SNAKE BITE (INDIAN SCENARIO)

►    3500   SPECIES

►    300     VENOMOUS
►    30000  - 40000 DEATHS ANNUALLY

Parathyroid Disease

Calcium Regulation

• 99% of body calcium in skeleton

• Miscible Pool: 40% bound to protein, 13% complexed w/ anions, 47% free ionized

• PTH: Increased Ca, Decreased PO4, Increased Vitamin D

• Vitamin D: Increased Ca, Increased PO4, Decreased PTH (slow)

• Kidney, Bones, GI Tract

Metabolic Acidosis

 Definition

 Acid-Base physiology

 Anion gap

 Differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis with high anion gap

 Lactic acidosis

 Oxidative phosphorylation

 Types of Lactic acidosis

 Treatment of Lactic Acidosis

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

 an acute, life threatening metabolic acidosis complicating IDDM and some cases of NIDDM with intercurrent illness (infection or surgery)

THYROID GLAND DISORDERS

• GENERAL ASPECTS OF THYROID GLAND

– Anatomy: weight range from 12 to 30g

– Located in the neck, anterior to the trachea

– Produces: T4 & T3 (active hormone)

Blood Transfusion Reactions

Objectives

 Early identification of common transfusion rxns.

 Differentiate life threatening reactions from benign transfusion rxns.

 Manage common immunologic tranx rxns.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Objectives

• Define AML and recognize the different subtypes

• Recognize the common clinical presentation of a patient with AML

• Identify various prognostic factors in patients with AML

• Understand the different complications that are a result of the disease and of treatment

• Determine the therapy for these complications

• Briefly understand the principles of treatment

Cerebro vascular Accident (C V A)

Definition

Ø  Sudden loss of blood supply to an area of the brain

Ø  Corresponding loss of neurologic function

Ø  TIA vs. CVA

Shock

Outline

 Definition

 Epidemiology

 Physiology

 Classes of Shock

 Clinical Presentation

 Management

 Controversies

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

What is an ABG?
• The Components
• pH / PaCO2 / PaO2 / HCO3 / O2sat / BE
• Desired Ranges
• pH - 7.35 - 7.45
• PaCO2 - 35-45 mmHg
• PaO2 - 80-100 mmHg
• HCO3 - 21-27
• O2sat - 95-100%
• Base Excess - +/-2 mEq/L