Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism

An overview of the interaction between calcium, phosphate, PTH, calcitriol, and calcitonin:

 

  Physiology:

Calcium and phosphate metabolism is based on a balance between intestinal absorption, bone mineralization and demineralization, and urinary filtration and reabsorption.  The major direct regulators of this balance (besides dietary intake) are parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25 (OH)₂-cholecalciferol (aka calcitriol), with a minor contribution from calcitonin. 

Muscle physiology

·        Voluntary muscles (supplied by somatic nerves)

o       Skeletal muscle: for locomotion, positional change & convection of respiratory gases.

·        Involuntary muscles: (supplied by autonomic nerves)

o       Cardiac muscle: for pumping the blood

o       Smooth muscle: motor of internal organs & blood vessels. 

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male reproductive organs include: Primary sex organs & Accessory sex organs

Primary sex organs (gonads): Testes

 

 

Pathway for passage or sperms:

Testes contain the seminiferous tubules (which produce sperms) à Rete testes à continue as the vas efferens à head of epididymis à duct of epididymis à vas deferens à ampulla (terminal portion of vas deferens) [after joining duct of seminal vesicle forms) à ejaculatory duct à (passes thru prostate to form) internal urethra.