Acute Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period

Cause of bacterial meningitis and its treatment during the neonatal period (0-28 days)

are generally different from those in older infants and children

ETIOLOGY.

Organism -

First 2 mo of life - maternal flora or the environment of the infant - group B

Streptococcus, gram-negative enteric bacilli, and Listeria monocytogenes, H. influenzae

Bacterial meningitis in children 2 mo-12 yr of age is due to S. pneumoniae, N.

meningitidis, or H. influenzae type b.

Asthma

A leading cause of chronic illness in childhood.

Asthma is the most frequent admitting diagnosis in children's hospitals

10-15% of boys and 7-10% of girls may have asthma at some time during childhood.

Asthma can lead to severe psychosocial disturbances in the family.

With proper treatment, however, satisfactory control of symptoms is usually possible.

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

It is acute nephritic syndrome: the sudden onset of gross hematuria, edema, hypertension, and

renal insufficiency. Most common cause of gross hematuria in children next is IgA

nephropathy 

STAPHYLOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA.

Pneumonia caused by S. aureus

serious and rapidly progressive infection.

less frequent than viral or pneumococcal pneumonia. 

Acute Bronchitis

Bronchitis is associated with infection of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and the trachea is usually involved. Bronchiolitis is an entirely different illness Asthma exacerbations are triggered by upper respiratory tract infections. Calling such exacerbations "asthmatic bronchitis," although technically correct, may confuse parents  Acute tracheobronchitis is commonly associated with an upper respiratory tract infection such as nasopharyngitis, influenza, Pertussis, measles, typhoid fever, diphtheria. Pneumococci, staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, and hemolytic streptococci may be isolated from the sputum, but their presence does not imply a bacterial cause, and antibiotic therapy does not appreciably alter the course of the illness. Allergy, climate, air pollution, and chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract, particularly sinusitis, may be contributing factors.

Tetanus

Etiology:-

Tetanus, also called lockjaw

Acute,

Spastic paralysis caused by tetanus toxin, 

Whooping Cough

Pertussis  caused by -Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis

Pertussis is an acute respiratory tract infection . pertussis =intense cough

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)

The objectives of this section are:

1) The recognition that children can be born with heart disease

2) The recognition that children with heart disease may present with signs and symptoms that are different from adult cardiac patients

3) To be able to identify many of these cardiac defects and their presenting signs and symptoms and clinical findings

4) The application of the general principles of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology to specific congenital heart lesions

Cerebral Palsy

Outline

I. Definition
II. Incidence, Epidemiology and Distribution
III. Etiology
IV. Types
V.  Medical Management
VI. Psychosocial Issues
VII. Aging

ASTHMA IN THE PICU

Epidemiology

•      14-15 million Americans

•      Nearly 5 million children

•      5,000 people (mostly adults) die each year

•      Incidence, hospitalization rate, and death rate is increasing each year.

•      15-24 year-olds are at higher risk of dying from asthma than are 0-4 year olds.

•      Prior asthma episode requiring mechanical ventilation is strong predictor of subsequent asthma death.

Pathogenesis

The Thalassemias

Introduction

•      Heritable, hypochromic anemias-varying degrees of severity

•      Genetic defects result in decreased or absent production of mRNA and globin chain synthesis

•      At least 100 distinct mutations

•      High incidence in Asia, Africa, Mideast, and Mediterrenean countries

Hemoglobin Review

Croup

Definitions
• Croup- term used to describe the clinical picture of laryngotracheitis.
l Hoarse voice
l Barking cough
l Inspiratory stridor
l Possible respiratory distress

NEONATAL HYPER BILURUBINEMIA

BILIRUBIN
n Non-polar, water insoluble compound requiring conjugation with glucuronic acid to form a water soluble product that can be excreted.
n It circulates to the liver reversibly bound to albumin